BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:2.0 PRODID:-//CERN//INDICO//EN BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:20 years of X-ray refractive optics: Status and New opportunities for diffraction limited X-ray sources. DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T032000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1152@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Anatoly Snigirev (Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Unive rsity)\nAfter the first successful experimental demonstration 20 years ago [1]\, the use of X-ray refractive optics has rapidly expanded and they ar e now in common use at 15 synchrotrons in 10 countries. This development h as intensified after the successful implementation of transfocators - tuna ble devices based on refractive lenses [2]. In addition to traditional mic ro-focusing applications\, the transfocators can provide the following bea m conditioning functions in the energy range from 3 to 100 (200) keV:\n- condensers with a tunable beam size\, \n- micro-radian collimators \, \n- low-band pass filters - monochromator [2] \n- high harmonics re jecters [3] \nNew advanced parameters of the beam provided by the diffract ion limited sources – XFELs and new synchrotrons with the reduced horizo ntal emittance will open up a unique opportunity to build up a new concept for the loss-free beam transport and conditioning systems based on in-lin e refractive optics. Taking an advantage of the substantially reduced hor izontal source size and the beam divergence these new systems integrated i nto the front-end can transfer the photon beam almost without losses from the front-end to any further secondary optical systems (mirrors\, crystals \, lenses etc.) or directly to the end-stations. Evidently\, beamlines wil l benefit from the possibility to include active moveable lens systems in the front-ends. In this regard\, development of diamond refractive optics is crucial [4\,5]. The implementation of the lens-based beam transport con cept will significantly simplify the layout of majority of the new beamlin es [6]. It will also allow a smooth beamlines transition from the present beam parameters to the upgraded ones\, avoiding major optics modifications [7]. \nThe field of applications of refractive optics is not limited to b eam conditioning\, but can be extended into the area of Fourier optics\, a s well as coherent diffraction and imaging techniques [8-12]. Using the in trinsic property of the refractive lens as a Fourier transformer\, the coh erent diffraction microscopy and high resolution diffraction methods have been proposed to study 3-D structures of semiconductor crystals and mesosc opic materials [12–14].\nAnother promising direction of refractive optic s development is in-line X-ray interferometry. Recently proposed bi- and m ulti-lens interferometers can generate an interference field with a variab le period ranging from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers [15\,16]. This simple way to create an X-ray standing wave in paraxial geometry ope ns up the opportunity to develop new X-ray interferometry techniques to st udy natural and advanced man-made nano-scale materials\, such as self-orga nized bio-systems\, photonic and colloidal crystals\, and nano-electronics materials. As a classical interferometer it can be used for phase contras t imaging and radiography. Finally it can be useful for the coherence char acterization of the X-rays sources and free electron lasers.\n\nReferences \n[1] A. Snigirev\, V. Kohn\, I. Snigireva\, B. Lengeler\, Nature\, 384 (1 996) 49. \n[2] G.B.M. Vaughan\, J.P. Wright\, A. Bytchkov et al\, J. Synch rotron Rad.\, 18 (2011) 125.\n[3] M. Polikarpov\, I. Snigireva\, A. Snigir ev\, J. Synchrotron Rad.\, 21\, (2014) 484.\n[4] M. Polikarpov\, I. Snigir eva\, J. Morse et al\, J. Synchrotron Rad.\, 22 (2015) 23.\n[5] 11. S. Ter entyev\, V. Blank\, S. Polyakovet al\, Appl. Phys. Let.\, 107 (2015) 11110 8.\n[6] M. W. Bowler\, D. Nurizzo\, R. Barrett et al\, J. Synchrotron. Rad .\, 22 (2015) 1540.\n[7] Orange Book “ESRF Upgrade programme Phase II 92 015-2022)\, Technical Design Study”\, G. Admans\, P. Berkvens\, A. Kapro lat\, J.L. Revol\, eds.\, (2014).\n[8] V. Kohn\, I. Snigireva\, A. Snigire v\, Opt. Comm.\, 216 (2003) 247. \n[9] M. Drakopoulos\, A. Snigirev\, I. S nigirev et al\, Appl. Phys. Lett.\, 86 (2005) 014102.\n[10] P. Ershov\, S. Kuznetsov\, I. Snigireva et al\, Appl. Cryst. 46 (2013) 1475.\n[11] H. Si mons\, A. King\, W. Ludwig et al\, Nature Communications\, 6 (2015) 6098.\ n[12] A. Bosak\, I. Snigireva\, K. Napolskii\, A. Snigirev\, Adv. Mater.\, 22 (2010) 3256.\n[13] D. V. Byelov\, J.-M. Meijer\, I. Snigireva et al\, RSC Advances\, 3 (2013) 15670.V. \n[14] Kohn\, I. Snigireva\, A. Snigirev \, J. Synchrotron Rad.\, 21 (2014) 729.\n[15] A. Snigirev\, I. Snigireva\, V. Kohn et al\, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 064801.\n[16] A. Snigirev\, I . Snigireva\, M. Lyubomirskiy\, V. Kohn\, V. Yunkin\, and S. Kuznetsov\, O ptics express\, 22(21) (2014) 25842.\n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/ contributions/1152/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1152/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Novosibirsk free electron laser as a user facility DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T024000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T032000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1155@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Boris Knyazev (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics)\ nNowadays\, all three laser systems of the Novosibirsk free electron laser facility are in operation. First laser system generates tunable monochrom atic radiation in the terahertz spectral range from 90 to 240 micrometers\ , whereas the spectral range of the second laser spans a region from 40 to 80 micrometers. Both these systems are available to users. The third lase r has been commissioned\, and its radiation (5 – 20 micrometers) was tra nsmitted to the user stations recently. In this report we describe the ins trumentation available to researchers at the user stations\, and provide e xamples of experiments carried out in the two years that have passed since the previous conference.\n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributio ns/1155/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1155/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:High-intense femtosecond radiation with gas medium and gas cluster beams DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160707T023000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160707T030000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1200@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alexander Shkurinov (Faculty of Physics and Internat ional Laser Center\, Lomonosov Moscow State University\, Moscow\, Russia)\ nInteractions of laser radiation with gas cluster targets have been invest igated in the past two decades. Cluster jet\, obtained by the adiabatic co ndensation of gas flow\, has pronounced nonlinear optical properties and c ombines the advantages of solid-state and gas target. Cluster inherits hig h local density and this implies high value of nonlinear response. At the same time cluster beams are not exposed to ablation and renew their proper ties before each act of interaction with the laser pulse. There were obser ved and predicted various nonlinear effects during interaction of intense laser pulses with cluster jets: generation of X-ray radiation\, generation of optical harmonics\, self-focusing\, Stimulated Raman Scattering. It wa s shown theoretically and experimentally that absorption of laser radiatio n in cluster beam can reach high value (up to 95%) which is related to lin ear (Mie) and nonlinear resonance interactions. Resonance absorption of pu lse energy results in efficient production of X-Ray and fast charged parti cles. In this way\, further studies of interaction of intense laser pulses with clusters seems reasonable due to the possibility of usage in various practical applications and solving fundamental problems of behavior of ma tter under intense laser fields.\n\nIn some recent publications\, intense THz generation in cluster beam excited by ultrashort laser pulses was repo rted. It was observed more than two orders of magnitude enhancement of THz pulse intensity in Ar cluster jet compared to that in gaseous Ar with equ al average atomic density. With increasing of excitant pulse energy up to its maximum value of 70 mJ (corresponding to the vacuum intensity ~ 1017 W /cm2) THz pulse energy increased by the square law without saturation. The re was reported in that the directivity pattern of terahertz radiation fro m clustered plasma has four-lobed structure. \n\nAt the present moment the re is no clear theoretical interpretation of the experimental results and complete understanding of the mechanism of low-frequency emission in clust er plasma. It seems reasonable to carry out further study of terahertz gen eration in a clustered plasma\, and examine this process in both ways: as a fundamental issue of laser-matter interaction on the way to solving a pr oblem of the dynamics of laser-cluster interaction\, and as a practical go al of obtaining an effective source of pulsed THz radiation. In addition\, there is possible to apply two-color excitation scheme\, which has been s uccessfully used in the past to increase the efficiency of the optical to terahertz conversion in laser-induced plasma of gas media. In this scheme\ , the fundamental laser frequency at ω is mixed with its second harmonic at 2ω. Two-color scheme allows to increase THz yield by 2...3 orders of m agnitude and nowadays this scheme is widely used for THz generation in gas eous media. Nevertheless\, optical to terahertz conversion efficiency in l aser-plasma generation method is still low. In addition\, there was observ ed a saturation of THz yield in a two-color scheme at high excitant pulse energy that originates from THz absorption in dense plasma. Cluster target seems to be attractive to solve these problems. \n\nIn this paper we pres ent the results of experimental and theoretical studies of generation of t erahertz emission in the laser-induced clustered plasma. We have performed experiments using both single-color and two-color excitation schemes. Sim ultaneously with the control of terahertz emission of clustered plasma we measured the power of accompanying X-ray radiation\, which is an important source of information about the processes that occur in a cluster plasma. In the theoretical section we made an attempt to explain the experimental results.\n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1200/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1200/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:My profession is using of synchrotron radiation in the structural biology of tissue DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T020000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T024000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1186@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Alvina Vazina (Institute of theoretical and experime ntal biophysics\, RAS)\nIn this report the results of long-term works - mo re than 40 years - in the field of structural biology of tissue with synch rotron radiation (SR) usage will be presented. \nWe were pioneers in the f ield of SR use for nanostructural researches of biological tissues. C.S. H olmes was the first to demonstrate the advantages of SR in studying the st ructure of biological objects in 1971 on the DESY station (Hamburg). We be gan to conduct systematic experimental works with SR in 1972. At that time \, there were only two accelerators available for use as sources of SR in the X-ray range: the ARUS synchrotron at the Yerevan Institute of Physics\ , and the VEPP-3 storage ring at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics i n Novosibirsk\, which is still a world-class experimental SR site. \nThe c reation and development of a method for high-speed small-angle X-ray diffr actometry must be considered a fundamental methodological success of this period\, since the minimum exposition time was reduced to a fraction of a second. Difraction cinema for the first time has been created by the large team of scientists from Novosibirsk and Pushchino\, which for many years ranked ahead of other laboratories abroad. Last decade works are conducted on the small-angle stations DIKSI (Siberia-2\, NRC «Kurchatov institute »\, Moscow).\nSR is promising for application in structural biology. Spec ific features of SR (relatively high intensity\, broad radiation spectrum\ , and coherence) allow us to obtain structural data on objects whose sizes range from fractions of a nanometer to several centimeters. In living sys tems\, we can study the functional range from single molecules to cells\, tissues\, and even organs\, so that the object can be characterized compre hensively.\nThe research was supported by RFBR-Moscow region Grant #14-44- 03667.\n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1186/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1186/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:FEL-pumped Silicon lasers based on hydrogen-like impurity centers DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160707T020000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160707T023000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1215@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers (German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Humboldt University Berlin)\nHydrogen-like impurity centers in monocr ystalline Silicon can be utilized for terahertz(THz) lasers. Several types of such lasers have been demonstrated. The\nlasers operate at low lattice temperatures under optical pumping\nwith a free electron laser (FEL). Th ey emit light frequencies between 1.2 and 6.9 THz.\nDipole-allowed optical transitions between particular excited\nstates of substitutional impuriti es are utilized. Population inversion induced by optical pumping with the FEL is achieved due to specific electron–phonon interactions inside the\ nimpurity atom. This results in long-living and short-living\nexcited stat es of the impurity centers. Another type of THz laser\nutilizes stimulated resonant Raman-type scattering of photons\nby a Raman-active intracenter electronic transition. By varying\nthe pump-laser frequency\, the frequenc y of the Raman intracenter\nsilicon laser can be continuously changed betw een at\nleast 4.5 and 6.4 THz. In addition\, fundamental\naspects of the l aser process provide new information about the\npeculiarities of electroni c capture by shallow impurity centers\nin silicon\, lifetimes of nonequili brium carriers in excited\nimpurity states\, and electron–phonon interac tion.\n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1215/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1215/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Semiconductor spectroscopy with infrared and terahertz free-electr on lasers DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T020000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T024000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1225@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Harald Schneider (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendo rf)\nThis talk reviews some recent spectroscopic studies on semiconductor structures carried out using the mid-infrared and terahertz (THz) free-ele ctron laser (FEL) facility FELBE in Dresden\, Germany. Its intense\, nearl y transform-limited picosecond pulses\, which can also be combined with sy nchronous pico- or femtosecond pulses from near-infared tabletop lasers\, provide unique research opportunities to advance our knowledge on the inte raction of intense mid-infrared and THz fields with materials and devices. \n\nhttps://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1225/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1225/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:X-ray Dark-Field Imaging (XDFI): Recent Developments and Clinical Applications DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T024000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160705T032000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1251@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Masami ANDO (Tokyo University of Science)\nThis pape r describes a novel x-ray phase contrast imaging technique called X-ray da rk-field imaging (XDFI) that has been under development for the past 10 ye ars. We describe the theory behind XDFI\, the x-ray optics required for im plementing it in practice\, and algorithms used for 2D\, 2.5D\, and 3D ima ge reconstruction. The XDFI optical chain consists of an asymmetrically cu t\, Bragg-type monochromator-collimator that provides a planar monochromat ic x-ray beam\, a positioning stage for the specimens\, a Laue-case angle analyzer\, and one or two cameras to capture the dark and bright field ima ges. We demonstrate soft-tissue discrimination capabilities of XDFI by rec onstructing images with absorption and phase contrast. By using a variety of specimens such as breast tissue with cancer\, joints with articular car tilage\, ex-vivo human eye specimen\, and others\, we show that refraction -based contrast derived from XDFI is more effective in characterizing norm al anatomy\, articular pathology\, and neoplastic disease than the convect ional absorption-based images. For example\, XDFI of breast tissue can dis criminate between the normal and diseased terminal duct lobular unit\, and between invasive and in-situ cancer. The final section of this paper is d evoted to potential future developments to enable clinical and histo-patho logical applications of this technique. \n\nReferences\n\n[1] Simple x ray dark- and bright- field imaging using achromatic Laue optics\, M. Ando\, A. Maksimenko\, H. Sugiyama\, W. Pattanasiriwisawa\, K. Hyodo and C. Uyama \, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41\, L1016 (2002). \n\n[2] Computed tomographic rec onstruction based on x-ray refraction contrast\, A. Maksimenko\, M. Ando\, H. Sugiyama\, T. Yuasa\, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 124105-1 (2005). \n\n[3] X- ray refraction-contrast computed tomography images using dark-field imagin g optics\, N. Sunaguchi\, T. Yuasa\, Q. Huo\, S. Ichihara and M. Ando\, Ap pl. Phys. Letters 97\,153701-1 (2010).\n\n[4] Iterative reconstruction alg orithm for analyzer-based phase-contrast CT of hard and soft tissue\, N. S unaguchi\, T.Yuasa\, M. Ando\, Appl. Phys. Letters 103\, 143702-1 (2013). \n\n[5] 3-D reconstruction and virtual ductoscopy of high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast with casting type calcifications using ref raction-based x-ray CT\, S. Ichihara\, M. Ando\, A. Maksimenko\, T. Yuasa\ , H. Sugiyama\, E. Hashimoto\, K. Yamasaki\, K. Mori\, Y. Arai and T. Endo \, Virchows Archiv 451\, 41 (2008).\n\n[6] X-ray phase contrast imaging in the dark field: implementation and evaluation using excised tissue specim ens\, M. Ando\, N. Sunaguchi\, Y. Wu\, S. Do\, Y. Sung\, A. Louissaint\, T . Yuasa\, S. Ichihara\, R. Gupta\, Eur. Rad. 23\, 3021 (2013).　\n\n[7] X -ray Dark-Field Imaging (XDFI): Recent Developments and Clinical Applicati ons\, M. Ando\, N. Sunaguchi\, D. Shimao\, A. Pan\, T. Yuasa\, K. Mori\, Y . Suzuki\, G. Jin\, J.-K. Kim\, Jae-Hong Lim\, S.-J. Seo\, S. Ichihara\, N . Ohura\, R. Gupta\, submitted to Eur. J. Med. Phys.\n\nhttps://indico.inp .nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1251/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1251/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:The nanosecond time resolved X-ray diffractometry with synchrotron radiation for exploration of fast processes in solids DTSTART;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T032000Z DTEND;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20160706T040000Z DTSTAMP;VALUE=DATE-TIME:20260308T001222Z UID:indico-contribution-140-1252@indico.inp.nsk.su DESCRIPTION:Speakers: Boris Tolochko (Institute of solid state chemistry a nd mechanochemistry SB RAS)\nThe technique of X-ray diffraction with time resolution has shown tremendous progress recent years. This is due to the development of the accelerator technology\, methods of generation of synch rotron radiation (SR)\, and fast X-ray detectors. The report reviews the m ain principles of time-resolved X-ray diffractometry and requirements to t he object\, equipment and detectors. Considered are the basic parameters o f the diffraction installations at BINP\, SLAC\, and EuXFEL.\nTo obtain th e best experimental parameters it is necessary to minimize the duration of the SR flash and the divergence of the primary beam\, as well as increasi ng its intensity and monochromaticity. Unfortunately\, currently it is imp ossible to improve all the parameters simultaneously\, so the experimenter s have to compromise. For example\, they increase the flux of photons at t he expense of deterioration of the monochromaticity (BINP and APS/ANL) and carry out experiments in the "pink" spectrum. Or they increase the exposu re time at the expense of summation of photons from a few bunches. This mo de was applied to investigation into the dynamics of nucleation and growth of nanodiamonds in a shock-wave impact on hydrocarbons. Possible options of development of time-resolved X-ray diffractometry installations at BINP are considered.\nNow we are preparing an experiment to study the behavior of the crystal lattice of the material of the fusion reactor first wall i n a plasma discharge on the diverter. A fast one-coordinate X-ray detector was developed for this experiment. The detector enables fast recording of 100 diffraction frames with an exposure time of 73 ps and a periodicity o f 100 ns. Thus\, we can record X-ray "movies" with high time resolution\, which store information about the dynamics of plasma interaction with the structure of the crystal surface in a plasma discharge (100 μs in the ITE R).\nTo solve this problem we are developing an installation to work on be ams of synchrotron radiation of VEPP4(BINP SB RAS). The installation will enable obtaining information about what is happening to the crystal lattic e when the plasma of the ITER reactor interacts with the wall for a short period of time. The plasma discharge parameters in the ITER are as follows : an energy of 100 J for 100 μs on an area of 1 mm2. We conducted first s uccessful test experiments\, having recorded changes in the crystal lattic e W\, using a laser with a power of 1 J and a pulse width of 100 μm. Now diffraction patterns with a time resolution of 73 ps can be recorded.\nThe same method will be used for investigation into the behavior of the cryst al lattice of space materials under the impact of shock waves and meteorit es\, flying with speeds of up to 11 km/sec. For this experiment\, a gun la unching small pellets with such speeds has been designed.\n\nhttps://indic o.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1252/ LOCATION:Budker INP Conference Hall URL:https://indico.inp.nsk.su/event/3/contributions/1252/ END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR